A new field study of arachnid hunting behaviour has shown that spiders forage for prey rich in specific nutrients, and their preferences depend on the individual spider’s species, life stage and sex. The results suggest that it may be possible to link spider predation to pest control in farmers fields if the various arachnid species can be encouraged to selectively hunt troublesome insects.
In the study, adult spiders consumed more carbohydrate-rich and lipid-rich prey, whilst juvenile spiders consumed slightly more protein-rich prey. Other dietary differences between species were also identified. These prey preferences show that spiders may have evolved to vary their diet depending on their own nutritional requirements at certain stages in their life cycles.
“Many animals are thought to select food resources based on their nutritional content,” said study lead author Dr Jordan Cuff. “This has been studied before in the lab, but we wanted to find out if we could see the same effects in the field. Until recently this would have been a huge challenge, but now, using DNA sequencing and biochemical methods, we are able to process large numbers of samples to identify both what spiders are eating and the nutritional value of the prey consumed.”
The study took place in fields in South Wales during a six-month period over the summer of 2018. First money spiders (Araneae: Linyphiidae) and wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) were collected by hand and then a suction sampler (essentially a large vacuum cleaner) was used to collect the invertebrate prey available to the spiders.
Using a DNA sequencing-based method called DNA metabarcoding, the species of prey that spiders ate were identified from fragments of DNA left in their guts and, by matching nutritional profiles to these data, it was possible to determine the precise nutrients the spiders had been eating.
“These results suggest that spiders selectively forage for prey rich in protein, lipids and carbohydrates, but the balance between these shifts to fit the predator’s specific needs. Diet regulation by spiders is thought to be adaptive and many previous studies have shown significant effects of dietary nutrient content on spider growth, reproduction and survival,” said Cuff.
Ultimately, an improved understanding of these kind of nutritional dynamics could be applied to improve biological pest control. Prey preferences could be exploited by changing field conditions and habitat structure to encourage predation of pests by providing nutritionally complementary prey.
Dr Jordan Cuff undertook the research as part of his PhD at Rothamsted and Cardiff University. He has since established the Foraging Ecology Research Group at Newcastle University.
Rothamsted Research is the longest-running agricultural research institute in the world, with a proud history of ground-breaking discoveries. Founded in 1843, they were the pioneers of modern agriculture and, through independent science and innovation, they continue to make significant contributions to improving the sustainability of agri-food systems in the UK and internationally. Their strength lies in their gene to field approach, which combines science and strategic research, interdisciplinary teams and partnerships. Rothamsted is also home to three unique resources, open to researchers from all over the world: The Long-Term Experiments, Rothamsted Insect Survey and the North Wyke Farm Platform. We are strategically funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), with additional support from other national and international funding streams, and from industry. They are also supported by the Lawes Agricultural Trust (LAT).
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